Research Method

                                                           CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter deals with description of research design, research variables, population and sample, research instrument, data collection and technique of data analysis.

A.     Research Design

The designs of the research used pre-experimental design in which do pre-test, give treatment, and post-test. It aims to know whether there is significant development before and after using Satir Categories and to know whether by using Satir Categories can develop the students’ skill in Speaking, and this can be presented as follow:

Table 2: Research Design of Pre-Experimental

Pre-Test	Treatment	Post-Test
O1	X	O2

(Arikunto, 2006:85)

B.      Research Variable

Researcher will use two variables in this research. Satir Categories (X) is the independent variable of the research, and students’ Speaking Skill (Y) is the dependent variable.

C.      Population and Sample

1.      Population

The population of this research is the exact class of the second year students of SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Bontoala Makassar in 2012/2013 academic year.

2.      Sample

The sample represents the whole population in this research. So this research uses a purposive sampling that will take XI IPA 1 Class.

D.     Research Instrument

      The instrument of pre and post test used of the writer is test. The test identified the efectiveness in using Satir Categories to develop the students’ Speaking Skill. From this test, the researcher got information about the students’ Speaking Skill and find the weakness, after giving treatment.

E.      Data Collection

In collecting data, the researcher used some procedures as follows:

1.      Pre-test

The researcher gave test to the sample before applying Satir Categories as a pre-test to measure the prior knowledge of the students.

2.      Treatment

In giving treatment, the researcher carries out the class meeting. The ways of the researcher in presenting the materials in the classroom interaction were as follows :

a.    The researcher explains and applies Satir Categories in Teaching Speaking.

b.    The teacher gives examples and asked the students to use Satir Categories in Speaking

c.    The teacher gives exercises.

d.    The teacher checks their work and gives feedback.

3.      Post-test

After giving the treatment, the students are given a Post-Test and the researcher distributed the post-test to the sample.

F.       Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing data collected is through the pre-test and post-test. The researcher analyze by using the following procedures:

1.    In giving score, the researcher notice some elements in the following:

a.      Pronunciation

Classification	Score	Criteria
Excellent Good                           Average                               Poor                     Very poor	91-100 76-90                  61-75                   51-60                     0-50	Has few traces of foreign Always intelligible, though in is conscious of a definite accent Pronunciation problems necessitate concentrated listening and lead to misunderstanding  Very hard to understanding because pronunciation problems, use frequently be asked to repeat Pronunciation problems so severe as to make speech virtually unintelligible

Harris (1984)

b.      Grammar

Classification	Score	Criteria
Excellent                            Good                                  Average                            Poor                                                                       `                           Very poor	91-100 76-90                  61-75                   51-60                     0-50	Makes few noticeable error of grammar and word order                                                                                                                     Occasionally makes grammatical or word order error which do not however obscure meaning Makes frequent error of grammar and word order which occasionally obscure meaning make Grammar and word order error make comprehensions difficult. Must often rephrase sentences or restrict him to basic pattern Errors in grammar and word order as severe as to make speech virtually a unintelligible

Harris (1984)

c.       Vocabulary

Classification	Score	Criteria
Excellent                            Good                       Average                             Poor                     Very poor	91-100       76-90                 61-75              51-60                 0-50	Use of vocabulary or idioms is virtually that of a native speakers Sometimes use impropriate terms or must refresh ideas because of lexical inadequate Frequently the wrong words, conversation some what limited vocabulary Misuse of word and very limited vocabulary make comprehensions quite difficult Vocabulary limitations so extreme as to make conservation virtually impossible

Harris (1984)

d.      Fluency

Classification	Score	Criteria
Excellent                              Good                        Average                                Poor                                  Very poor	91-100                        76-90                     61-75                  51-60                                      0-50	Speech as fluent and effort as that of native speaker Speech seems to be slightly by language problems Speech and fluency are rather strongly affected by language problems Usually hesitant often forced into silence by language problems Speech is halting and fragmentary as to make conversation virtually impossible

 Harris (1984)

2.    Next, The researcher count the average score by using the formula below:

3.    Classify the students’ score based on the score standard of evaluation in the following:

a.      Score 91 to 100 is classified as very good

b.      Score 76 to 90 is classified as good

c.       Score 61 to 75 is classified as fair

d.      Score 51 to 60 is classified as poor

e.      Score 0 to 50 is classified as very poor

(Depdiknas, 2004)

4.      Calculating the mean score of the student’s answer by using the following formula:

 

Where:        X          = Mean score

                                          ∑X        = The sum of all scores

                                    N          = The total number of sample

(Gay, 1981: 298)

1.        To find out the significant different between the pre-test and post-test by calculating the value of the test.

Notation:         D     = The mean of the different score

                                         ∑D   = The sum of all scores    

                                         N      = Number of students

                                                                                     (Gay, 1981: 332)

2.        To find out the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the approach, this formula bellow will be used :

       

                               Where:          t      = Test of significant

                        D     = The difference between matched pairs

                  ∑D   = The sum of difference

                                                     N     = The number of samples

(Gay, 1981: 331)